AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
Introduction:
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning process. Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.
A.v. aids are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning. Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.
Definitions:
Kinder S. James:
Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
Burton:
audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
Carter.v.Good:
audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.
Purposes: ·
To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning more concrete. · To serve an instructional role in itself.
To create interest among the group.
To make teaching as an effective process.
Advantages:
1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
2. A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.
3. A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
4. A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
7. A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
8. A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses.
Characteristics of good teaching aids: Teaching aids should be Meaningful and purposeful Motivates the learners
Accurate in every aspect
Simple and cheap
Improvised
Large in size
Up-to-date
Easily portable
According to intellectual level of students Sources of A.V.Aids: Government Educational institutions Professional organizations Non-governmental organizations Voluntary organizations(national and international)
Commercial producers of educational material Commercial advertisement In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC...etc
. CLASSIFICATION OF A.V.AIDS: various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the type of projection by various authors.
I) Classification of A.V.Aids
I) Audio aids Audio materials are those which can be heard. Ex: - radio, tape recorder, walkman, Headphones.
II) Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things. Ex:- graphic aids, 3d-aids, display boards, and print material.
III) Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: - projected aids, TV, films.
II) Classification of A.V.Aids I) Simple A.V.Aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3d-aids, print material...etc. II) Sophisticated A.V.Aids: includes audio-visual aids.
PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF A.V.AIDS: ·
Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational program. · A.v. aids should be centralized, under specialized direction and leadership in educational programs. ·
An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of a.v. materials. ·
An education program should be flexible. · A.v. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy accessibility and convenient use. · A.v. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum. · Budget appropriations should be made regularly for a.v. education programs. · Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization and expenditure of the program.
PROJECTED A.V. AIDS: OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:
The over head projector is the most used in all a.v. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP. During presentation:
§ Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.
§ Keep the screen in full view of participants
§ Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting. § Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by.
§ Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.
§ Talk to the audience, not to the screen Purposes:
§ To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
§ To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry with out exposing them to the class.
§ To test students performances, while other classmates observe. § To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.
§ To give the illusion of motion in the transparency. Advantages: § It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector it self and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion.
§ Gains attention of the student 
OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES: Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight.
A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.
The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside, facing the student.
Guidelines for making effective transparencies: ·
Have one main idea an each transparency. · Include only related figures and diagrams. · Use simple lettering style in writing. · Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering. · Keep the message clear and simple. · Emphasize the key messages. · Use color and lettering with discretion. Advantages: · Permits face to face interaction with the students. · Can be used in daylight conditions. · Can present information in systemic developmental sequences. · Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods. · Easily available.
THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR
Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-transparent. The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.
Advantages: ·
Stimulates attention and arouses interest. ·
Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is available.
· Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps. · Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used. ·
Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period. · Review instructional problems. · Test knowledge and ability. · Simple operation.
Disadvantages: ·
Costly equipment. ·
Needs to use it with care. ·
Needs a dark room for projectio
SLIDE PROJECTOR
A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.
Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory.
The standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.
Types of slides
1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2” 3” X 4” a) Black and white b) Colored
2. Hand made slides: can be made with
a) Acetate sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith Slides
can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific excursions. The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect of teaching with them.
Advantages:
1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.
2. Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
4. Easy to revise and up-date.
5. Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.
7. May be adapted to group or individual use
FILMSTRIPS
Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip. Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.
PRINCIPLES
1. Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be taught.
2. Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
3. Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems.
4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study brought out.
5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.
Types of filmstrip:
1) Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
2) Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
Advantages:
1) Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence. 2) Can be supplemented with recordings.
3) Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
4) Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or user.
5) Are projected with simple light weight equipment. 
NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS: GRAPHIC AIDS:
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas
ex: comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or organization.
CHARTS
Introduction:
These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other services in explaining subject matter.
A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear summary.
Definition:
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in systematic way to summarize, compare,
Bbb ex: anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.
Purposes:
Ø To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.
Ø To highlight important points. Ø To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.
Ø To show continuity in process. Ø For creating problems and stimulating thinking.
Ø For showing development of structure.
Types of charts:
Ø Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an improvement over a period of years.
Ø The cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions and change or conflict.
Ø The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
Ø The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning data and its projections in to future.
ØStrip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by It increases the interest and imagination of the audience. The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins. As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest. It increases learning and aids recall.
Ø Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by6 pulling out the concealing strips. Ø Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines showing the directional flow.
Ø Tabulation chart: it shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinction, and contrasts between two or more things. While making the table charts the following points must be kept in the mind. The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size. The chart should be captioned in bold letters. The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.
Ø Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be presented.
Ø Pie chart: a circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections, each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the chart as legend. The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the component part
FLASH CARDS
Definition:
“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence.”
‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or drawing paper, plane paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.’’
Purposes:
1. To teach the students.
2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions.
Principles: ·
The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card. · 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size. · 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20. ·
Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea. · The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better visualization.
Using the flashcards:
For class room instruction, the flash card s is to be properly used.
The following steps are used while displaying flash cards.
1. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.
2. Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
3. Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all the students can see it.
4. Let the student respond as per instructions already given.
5. Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
Advantages: ·
Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics. ·
It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations ·
It can be used to review a topic. · Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes ·
To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students. ·
It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other material.
Disadvantages: ·
Can not be used for a large group · Prone to get spoiled soon · Preparation is time consuming.
POSTERS
Definition:
“Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing paintings.”
Purposes: ·
To provide general motivation. · To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect. ·
To communicate a more general idea.
To thrust the message for leading to action. ·
For the class room and community.
Preparation and rules: ·
To do a special job. ·
To promote one point. ·
To support local demonstration. · Planned for specified people · Tell the message at single glance. ·
Use bold letters. ·
Use pleasing colors... ·
It should place, where people pass or gather.
Features of a good poster: ·
Brevity:
message should be concise · Simplicity:
message should be easily understandable ·
Idea:
should base on single idea and it should be relevant. ·
Color:
suitable color and combination should be used to make the poster attractive and eye catching. ·
Display:
while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is adeaquate light and where the larger population will see it.
Advantages: ·
It attracts attention. ·
It conveys the message very quickly. ·
It does not require a detailed study. ·
Good poster leads to action with good motivation ·
It can stand alone and is self explanatory.
Disadvantages:
Poster does not always give enough information When a poster is seen for longer time it may not attractive. So it should be dynamic
